Linux grub2 boot loader manipulation

This post is about how to manage grub2 in an easy way.

grub1

In the past, which is before linux EL7, the boot loader was grub, the grand unified bootloader (version 1). Things were very simple; if you installed another kernel (using rpm) it would add an entry to grub’s configuration in /boot/grub/menu.lst. If you wanted to change grub to boot that newly installed kernel by default you edit /boot/grub/menu.lst and set ‘default’ to the number, counting from zero, of the newly installed kernel, in the order of the kernels listed. If you wanted a certain option set for booting the kernel, you added it to the kernel line.

grub2

Then came grub2. Reading up on the grub2 homepage it turns out that grub 1 apparently was old code, and it was clunky, hard to maintain and extend with new features. Other reasons that probably contributed to grub2 acceptance where UEFI support as well as limited support for other architectures than x86 and x86_64.

grub2: the mechanics

The heart of the grub2 configuration is by default in /boot/grub2/grub/grub.cfg. The start of the file looks like bash shell script. A little further in the file, the installed kernels and arguments are found:

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'Oracle Linux Server (4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64 with Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel) 7.5' --class oracle --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $me
nuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64-advanced-64c9f287-84a8-48ec-b048-364295362114' {
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod xfs
        set root='hd0,msdos1'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  4fc4063c-861b-4b07-8c28-e847a53
5c6cb
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 4fc4063c-861b-4b07-8c28-e847a535c6cb
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/ol-root ro net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=ol/root rd.lvm.lv=ol/swap rhgb quiet nu
ma=off transparent_hugepage=never
        initrd16 /initramfs-4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'Oracle Linux Server (4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 with Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel) 7.5' --class oracle --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64-advanced-64c9f287-84a8-48ec-b048-364295362114' {

A knee-jerk reaction would be to see if this file can be edited, but the heading of the file quite clearly says to not do that and that any modification could be overwritten:

#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

So, this points us /etc/default/grub. To be sure what actually to do, the documentation/manual makes it clear how to control what kernel and options are chosen in the chapter 6.1 simple configuration handling:

grub-mkconfig does have some limitations. While adding extra custom menu entries to the end of the list can be done by editing /etc/grub.d/40_custom or creating /boot/grub/custom.cfg, changing the order of menu entries or changing their titles may require making complex changes to shell scripts stored in /etc/grub.d/. This may be improved in the future. In the meantime, those who feel that it would be easier to write grub.cfg directly are encouraged to do so (see Booting, and Shell-like scripting), and to disable any system provided by their distribution to automatically run grub-mkconfig.

The file /etc/default/grub controls the operation of grub-mkconfig. It is sourced by a shell script, and so must be valid POSIX shell input; normally, it will just be a sequence of ‘KEY=value’ lines, but if the value contains spaces or other special characters then it must be quoted.

What this means to say is that for basic operation and selection, the /etc/default/grub file must be edited, after which grub-mkconfig must be run to “build” the actual grub settings. That’s not extremely intuitive from my point of view.

Let’s look at the /etc/default/grub on my test system, which is not touched as far as I know:

[root@o184 ~]# cat /etc/default/grub
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=ol/root rd.lvm.lv=ol/swap rhgb quiet numa=off transparent_hugepage=never"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

The first thing to look at is ‘GRUB_DEFAULT’, which is the default grub entry/kernel that is booted. It is set to ‘saved’, which is not really helpful. The utility ‘grub2-editenv’ can be used to list what the saved entry is:

[root@o184 ~]# grub2-editenv list
saved_entry=0

Which means the first (this is counting from zero) entry in /boot/grub2/grub.cfg. I have not come across a utility that is installed by default to list the menu entries with their number in grub.cfg, it’s easy to do with some shell commands, although that feels clumsy to me:

[root@o184 ~]# cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg | grep ^menuentry | nl -v0
     0	menuentry 'Oracle Linux Server (4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64 with Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel) 7.5' --class oracle --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64-advanced-64c9f287-84a8-48ec-b048-364295362114' {
     1	menuentry 'Oracle Linux Server (4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 with Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel) 7.5' --class oracle --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64-advanced-64c9f287-84a8-48ec-b048-364295362114' {
     2	menuentry 'Oracle Linux Server (3.10.0-862.11.6.el7.x86_64 with Linux) 7.5' --class oracle --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-862.11.6.el7.x86_64-advanced-64c9f287-84a8-48ec-b048-364295362114' {
     3	menuentry 'Oracle Linux Server (0-rescue-069a6c1ff25b409fa87b8e587a2f8b4d with Linux) 7.5' --class oracle --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-0-rescue-069a6c1ff25b409fa87b8e587a2f8b4d-advanced-64c9f287-84a8-48ec-b048-364295362114' {

So in this case kernel 4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64 is started by default.

In fact, the value of ‘saved’ is stored in /boot/grub2/grubenv:

[root@o184 ~]# cat /boot/grub2/grubenv
# GRUB Environment Block
saved_entry=0
################...

There is more to tell about the GRUB_DEFAULT and especially GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT; if GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT is set and set to ‘true’, and GRUB_DEFAULT is set to ‘saved’, then any kernel that is chosen in grub at boot will be saved as default. However, as far as I can see, this option is not set in a default /etc/default/grub file.

Another caveat is that by setting the number of the menuentry, the order could be changed when installing a new kernel, and the numbering may be different. For that reason, it’s also possible to set either the entry description after menuentry, or a name (“identifier”) set with –id at the menuentry line.

grubby

This is all nice, but it feels really indirect to me, multiple files must be combined to understand the current settings, and multiple commands must be entered to make a change. This also means it’s a little less easy to automate.

Now on to the actual reason for this blogpost. There actually is a utility that can do most of the manipulation using a single command, which is installed by default. However, it is not very well known. Let me introduce ‘grubby’ to you!

List grub entries:

[root@o184 ~]# grubby --info=ALL
index=0
kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64
args="ro net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=ol/root rd.lvm.lv=ol/swap rhgb quiet numa=off transparent_hugepage=never "
root=/dev/mapper/ol-root
initrd=/boot/initramfs-4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64.img
title=Oracle Linux Server (4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64 with Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel) 7.5
index=1
kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64
args="ro net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=ol/root rd.lvm.lv=ol/swap rhgb quiet numa=off transparent_hugepage=never "
root=/dev/mapper/ol-root
initrd=/boot/initramfs-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64.img
title=Oracle Linux Server (4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 with Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel) 7.5
...

List current default kernel:

[root@o184 ~]# grubby --default-kernel
/boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-124.18.6.el7uek.x86_64

Set another kernel to boot:

[root@o184 ~]# grubby --set-default /boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64
[root@o184 ~]# grubby --default-kernel
/boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64

List current settings of the grub2 menuentry:

[root@o184 ~]# grubby --info /boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64
index=1
kernel=/boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64
args="ro net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=ol/root rd.lvm.lv=ol/swap rhgb quiet numa=off transparent_hugepage=never"
root=/dev/mapper/ol-root
initrd=/boot/initramfs-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64.img
title=Oracle Linux Server (4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 with Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel) 7.5

Grubby also facilitates making changes to the arguments of the kernel.
For example, if you want to change the setting ‘numa=off’ to ‘numa=on’, you can remove the argument:

[root@o184 ~]# grubby --update-kernel /boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 --remove-args="numa=off"
[root@o184 ~]# grubby --info /boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 | grep ^args
args="ro net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=ol/root rd.lvm.lv=ol/swap rhgb quiet transparent_hugepage=never"

And then add it with the correct argument:

[root@o184 ~]# grubby --update-kernel /boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 --args="numa=on"
[root@o184 ~]# grubby --info /boot/vmlinuz-4.1.12-112.16.4.el7uek.x86_64 | grep ^args
args="ro net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=ol/root rd.lvm.lv=ol/swap rhgb quiet transparent_hugepage=never numa=on"

Grubby makes it easy to list and manage the grub2 boot loader settings, and also easily be used in scripts.

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